Investment Period

An investment period can be defined as a post-formation time in the cycle of a private equity fund, during which the fund actively finds its initial investors, and enters into Limited Partnership Agreements with them, allocating the raised capital into the select portfolio companies. An investment period is basically the stage that comes right after a private equity fund’s formation stage.
 

In this article, we will be talking about the investment period in detail, and discuss the key components of the same, thus making it easier for you to deal with certain financial decisions.

The investment period is the time frame wherein the manager is responsible for calling for tranches from investors for them to make the initial investments. It is a crucial stage for the manager, as they are responsible for mining the best of opportunities and negotiating them on favourable terms and conditions. Although the manager could start this series of work even before the day one of subscription, however, the acquisition of participations could only happen at the start of the investment period.
 

The investment period begins on the day one of subscription, and ends on the fourth or sixth anniversary of the day one of subscription. The time frame for the investment period to come to an end depends on the strategy of the fund.
 

The manager has to ensure that the investment period is coinciding with a market trend. It is important that their acquisitions find momentum in a rather general context. It would require the advisory committee’s agreement for the manager to be able to shift the investment period under any circumstances.
 

In principle, the fund I investment period’s end marks the beginning of the fund II investment period. The management is responsible for planning and organising in a manner that the activity is not collapsing at the end of an investment period.

Let us now look at the key takeaways on the investment period:

• An investment period, in the case of the life cycle of a private equity fund, is defined as what marks the active seeking of initial investors, right after the formative stage of the fund.
• An investment period is the time when the fund enters into Limited Partnership Agreements with the initial investors, and the capital is deployed into the chosen portfolio companies.
• The usual time frame of an investment period lies between 3 to 5 years.
• The investment period is the time frame that falls in between the formative stage and the harvesting stage.
   

You must note that the investment period is not equivalent to the commitment period. The commitment period is when the Limited Partners fulfill the promises they made, and disburse the capital agreed upon on the call of the General Partner. This is a much longer tenure which lasts for 10 years or more.

After the formative stage of the life cycle of a private equity fund, the next important stage is an investment period. The investment period involves seeking out investors, entering into agreements, and the deployment of funds. Once a private equity firm completes all the legal formalities involved with the creation of a fund, the General Partner (or GP) is responsible for fund management, and establishes the structure of a limited partnership.
 

At this point, what the private equity firm requires is funds for finalisation of deals with the portfolio companies which have been selected in the pipeline. This is the stage wherein the PE fund enters the investment period. During this time, the General Partner has to make capital calls and/or sources of investment. After going through with due diligence on the companies, the General Partner has to negotiate and allocate the funds to these underlying companies.
 

The General Partner then has to proceed with capital calls wherein the Limited Partners are informed to contribute the amount they have committed. This procedure is also known as “drawdown”. A Private Equity firm functions on behalf of the investors, as it deployed their money in investment opportunities that are profitable, and manage their investments.
 

Also, do note that the investment period of a private equity fund is significantly different from that of mutual fund schemes.

The key components of the investment period of a private equity fund include finding initial investors, entering into Limited Partnership, and deploying funds into portfolio companies that have been selected. Here is what happens within the sphere of each of these three components:
 

1. Finding initial investors

Seeking out initial investors is the first step under the investment period. This is the time period during which the manager has to call for tranches from investors to make the initial investments. Finding initial investors is a crucial step, and it involves finding out the best of opportunities, and negotiating the same on favourable terms.
 

2. Entering into Limited Partnership Agreements (LPAs)

The entering into Limited Partnership Agreements or LPAs is what happens following the negotiations and legal formalities associated with a fund’s creation. The General Partner is responsible for proceeding with fund management, and the establishment of a limited partnership structure. The entering into Limited Partnership Agreements or LPAs is a crucial step that marks the formalisation of the relationship between investors and the fund manager. An LPA details the terms of the partnership, including capital commitments, profit sharing, and management responsibilities. It is important to ensure that the agreements are clear, legally sound, and mutually beneficial - thus fostering a long-term collaboration.
 

3. Deploying funds into portfolio companies

The deployment of funds into portfolio companies is the step that is taken after evaluation of potential investments and conducting thorough due diligence. The capital is hereby allocated strategically to companies that align with your investment goals. The aim here is to maximise returns while managing risks, supporting companies that demonstrate strong potential for profitability and growth.

Are you still a little confused about “what is investment period” and what timeline or duration it follows? Let us look at its timeline and duration in further detail.
 

First, to put it simply, an investment period generally has a time frame of 3 to 5 years. The beginning of the timeline of an investment period is at the completion of the formation of the fund, and the end of the timeline is marked at the start of the harvesting stage.
 

Investors do not want the time frame to be stretched out or lengthened for far too long. It is the responsibility of the manager to ensure that the investments are made early on to respect the entire duration of the fund, and to ensure that the investments could be resold at the right point of time, with good capital gains, and definitely not with a discount at the last minute.

The following are some of the key challenges faced during the investment period:

• Some of the major challenges at the moment when it comes to an investment period of a PE fund include inflation and high interest rates. Fundraising and exit opportunities could be dampened due to slow economic growth, high interest rates, labour issues, geopolitical tensions, and economic and/or political instability.
• Private fund managers could experience fundraising setbacks due to market uncertainty and economic slowdown.
• With AI coming in and a complete digital transformation still ongoing, it is a challenge to be able to pick the right tools and integrate them into existing tech stacks and operational tasks.
• Data security and cybersecurity are two concerns that are connected to the PE industry’s challenges in terms of keeping up with the pace of digital transformation.
• It is also quite a challenge to deal with the growing competition for skilled professionals within the PE industry. To be able to hire the top-most talents while retaining your best players can be quite a task.

The investment period is of great importance as it is the most active phase in a fund’s life cycle. The investment period entails recording and monitoring investment activities, preparing financial statements, the provision of regulatory reports, and the facilitation of tax reports. The investment period also involves maintaining registers and documentation, distributing investor statements, the accounting and administration of funds, and the calculation and reporting of periodic net asset value (or NAV). The investment period is crucial as it is the phase wherein fund managers are responsible for the execution of portfolio management strategies, which are expected to ensure the success of the fund. Fund managers, during this period, are also focused on managing funds and other responsibilities that create value.

An investment period is the time frame during which private equity firms attract investors and the manager is responsible for negotiating profitable details with the selected portfolio companies. Now, let us look at a couple of examples to understand what happens better:
 

Example #1

Let us suppose that a private equity firm called ABC Ltd has issued a PQR Fund which is worth Rs. 75 million. Now, the General Partner for ABC Ltd is Mr. X. The legal documents of the PQR fund had been signed on January 5, 2021. The investment period of 3 years had therefore begun on the same day, and ended on January 4, 2024. Now, a high net-worth investor known as Mrs. Y had committed to investing Rs. 5 million in the PQR Fund on March 18, 2022.
 

Mr. X had informed Mrs. Y that her investment of Rs. 5 million would be spread over the upcoming 8-year commitment period, starting on March 18, 2022; and ending on March 17, 2030. Therefore, she is not required to make an investment right at the moment. As and when Mr. X calls for capital, Mrs. Y is required to contribute the specified amount. However, Mr. X decided to close the option of accepting any further investments on January 4, 2024.
 

Example #2

Goldman Sachs Asset Management has successfully raised over Rs. 200 million through its inaugural European Long Term Investment Fund (ELTIF), the Private Markets ELTIF 2023. This fund targets high-net-worth individuals interested in long-term, illiquid investments, providing direct access to private market opportunities, with a primary focus on private equity and a secondary emphasis on private credit.
 

The portfolio, which aims for global diversification across various active sectors and strategies, was fully funded in a remarkably short time frame. Managed by a team of 1,000 dedicated professionals, Goldman Sachs intends to roll out a series of Private Markets ELTIFs, offering individual investors the opportunity to benefit from the performance and diversification of private markets.

Wondering “what is investment period”, and how is it different from the commitment period? There is often a mistake made when it comes to the two terms “investment period” and “commitment period” being considered to be synonymous in private equity funds. However, please note that the two terms have entirely different meanings, and a fine line of difference, as explained below:
 

• Definition: An investment period can be defined as the time frame wherein the General Partner manages a closed-ended PE fund and actively enters into LPAs or Limited Partnership Agreements with select investors, after having negotiated favourable terms, thus securing capital and allocating the same to the selected portfolio companies. The commitment period, on the other hand, is the time period wherein the investors entrust to contribute the capital that they promised into the PE fund, as and when called by the General Partner.
• Scope: The investment period focuses on committing investments from the LPs or Limited Partners, and the deployment of the capital amount within the portfolio companies into new investment prospects. The commitment period, on the other hand, focuses on fulfilling the commitment made by the Limited Partners to be investing the sum that was agreed upon, on the General Partner’s calls.
• Time Frame: While an investment period is usually shorter and generally is between 3 to 5 years, the commitment period is rather longer, being 8 to 10 years, and could last throughout the life cycle of the PE fund.
• Start and End: An investment period begins with the completion of the emergence period or the formative phase of a PE fund, and ends at the beginning of the harvesting stage. However, the commitment period starts at the initial investment phase, and could sometimes last even till the very end of the life cycle of a PE fund.

It is important to not only thoroughly understand the different components of an investment period, but also be aware of its distinction from the commitment period of a private equity fund. Having gained knowledge on the investment period would make it easier for you to manage your funds wisely.

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