An analysis of India's pharmaceutical sector

India’s pharmaceutical industry makes a significant contribution to the global healthcare system. Known for producing affordable generic drugs, the sector has earned a positive reputation in global markets.

However, over the past few decades, the industry has evolved and expanded its scope from making low-cost generics to engaging in cutting-edge research and development efforts. As the third-largest pharmaceutical market globally by volume, India plays an enduring role in improving healthcare access not just nationally but also globally.

India's pharmaceutical sector took a significant leap forward with the enactment of the Patent Act in 1970, which enabled local firms to produce cheaper generic versions of patented drugs. This new provision helped create a domestic industry that is both cost-effective and capable of mass production. Today, the country is the largest producer of generic medicines and a leading exporter of vaccines globally and supplies affordable healthcare solutions to countries across the world.

More recently, the pharma industry has gradually shifted its focus toward innovation. Investments in research and development (R&D) are enabling advancements in therapeutic drugs and biotechnology. Pharma companies are now competing on a global stage, delivering breakthroughs and proving their worth in international markets. Leading Indian pharmaceutical businesses like Sun Pharma and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories have become household names and have been in the investor spotlight. Such companies are collectively contributing to a positive outlook for the industry's future and building an international reach.

India’s pharmaceutical sector remains one of the most profitable industries in the country. Strong sales and significant government support are driving continued growth in the industry. Over the last few years, the sector has maintained an impressive average annual profit increase of 17%. During the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced overheads and improved operational efficiencies led to an operating profit margin of 22.9% in FY2021. The industry is poised for substantial growth, with projections indicating that it will reach $65 billion by this year, $130 billion by 2030, and a whopping $450 billion by 2047.

In June 2024, the national pharmaceutical market logged an 8.8% growth, with major therapies like respiratory, anti-infectives, and gastrointestinal recording a strong double-digit growth at 19.2%, 17.2%, and 10.7%, respectively. This growth is fuelled by a number of factors, including new drug introductions, price-based growth, and volume expansion.

Between July 2023 and June 2024, the market saw a 7.6% increase in moving annual turnover, reaching a total of over Rs. 2 trillion. Among the leading therapy categories, cardiac, anti-infective, and gastrointestinal treatments saw steady growth, with volume increases of 9%, 8.7%, and 8.4%, respectively. Together, these three categories represent around 38% of the total Indian pharmaceutical market right now.

Several companies also saw notable monthly growth in June 2024, with Fourrts, FDC, Aristo, Cipla, and Glenmark posting increases of 28.1%, 22.2%, 17.7%, 16.5%, and 16.4%, respectively. Among the best-selling medicine brands in India, GSK’s antibiotic Augmentin and USV’s anti-diabetic drug Glycomet GP led the market, with sales of Rs. 76 crore and Rs. 66 crore, respectively. These figures highlight the demand for essential medicines in domestic and global markets.

However, it is the sector's ability to continually generate revenue that truly showcases its resilience. Firms like Cipla, Aurobindo Pharma, and Torrent are leaders in domestic sales and are also recognised internationally. Revenue generation has been consistent, with strong demand both in India and abroad. 

In recent years, the Indian pharmaceutical sector has witnessed a wave of transformation spurred by several new policies, initiatives, and technologies. One of the key trends is the increased focus on reducing reliance on imported Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, which are used to make drugs. The Production Linked Incentive scheme by the government is designed to encourage local production and strengthen the country’s position as a global manufacturing hub.

Another key trend is the rise of the e-pharmacy sector, spurred by increased internet penetration and smartphone usage. The growing demand for online healthcare solutions is reshaping how medicines are distributed, making it more convenient for consumers to access essential drugs.

At the same time, R&D has become a key driver of growth. Indian pharma companies have significantly increased their investment in research to find new revenue streams and solve critical healthcare challenges. Government support for life sciences startups and initiatives like establishing new medical colleges is expected to further stimulate R&D activity, which will cement India’s position as a global leader in pharmaceutical innovation.

Despite its many successes, the Indian pharmaceutical industry faces significant challenges, one of the most notable being a high attrition rate. Employee attrition in the sector is around 30-35%, which is much higher than the global average of 10-12%. This is particularly prevalent in mid-level and junior positions, where factors such as insufficient salaries, management inefficiencies, and limited opportunities for career advancement drive employees to seek alternatives.

In addition, the sector faces regulatory pressures that can dampen growth. Difficulties in intellectual property (IP) rights, regulatory uncertainty, and pricing controls lead to a challenging environment for businesses, especially those in R&D and the development of innovative medicines.

• India's pharmaceutical industry excels in generic drugs and affordable healthcare solutions.
• Increasing research and development is driving the industry toward innovation and global competitiveness.
• Government initiatives like the PLI scheme support growth and reduce reliance on imports.
• The sector faces challenges such as high attrition rates and pricing pressures but shows strong potential.

Analysts remain optimistic about the future of India’s pharmaceutical industry, with several key trends expected to shape its trajectory. First, there is an increasing emphasis on sustainability. Companies are integrating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) practices into their operations, reflecting the growing importance of sustainable business models in the global markets.

Second, digitisation is reshaping the industry. With the adoption of digital tools and platforms, pharma companies are improving operational efficiency and enhancing stakeholder engagement. AI is enabling faster breakthroughs, and the shift towards digital healthcare is expected to open new avenues for growth. This will enable companies to tap into emerging markets and serve their customers better.

Biotechnology is another area of expansion as firms explore biologics and advanced therapeutic drugs. Collaboration with international partners for R&D will play a crucial role in driving innovation and ensuring that Indian firms remain competitive on the global stage.

However, some challenges remain. Companies must navigate an increasingly complex regulatory landscape and address issues such as quality standards and pricing controls. Additionally, managing high attrition rates and maintaining a skilled workforce will be important for long-term success.

Nonetheless, India’s pharmaceutical sector has come a long way from its humble beginnings and has evolved into a global powerhouse for generic medicines and innovation. With strong government support, an expanding R&D landscape, and a focus on sustainability and digitisation, the industry is well-positioned for continued growth.