What is ETF

ETF stands for Exchange-Traded Fund. It is an investment product that tracks the performance of an index, commodity, bonds, or a group of assets, similar to an index fund. In simple terms, ETFs follow market indices such as the Nifty 50 or the Sensex and are traded on stock exchanges like shares.

Over the past few years, ETFs have gained strong popularity in India due to the growth and development of the financial markets. They have become a preferred investment option for many investors because they are simple, cost-effective, and easy to trade. ETFs offer diversification, transparency, and flexibility, making them suitable for both new and experienced investors.

Understanding ETF meaning and how ETFs work can help investors make informed financial decisions. There are different types of ETFs available, each designed for specific investment goals. Before investing, it is important to understand their benefits, risks, and key factors to ensure they match your financial objectives.

Key takeaways

• Trading mechanisms: ETFs differ from index funds in their trading structure; ETFs trade on stock exchanges like individual stocks, allowing intraday transactions at fluctuating prices, while index funds are traded at the end of the day at their net asset value (NAV).
• Diversity in investment: ETFs offer significant diversity by holding a collection of various securities, such as stocks, bonds, or commodities, which helps to mitigate individual investment risk and provides broader market exposure.
• Cost efficiency: Generally, ETFs have lower expense ratios compared to index funds, making them a cost-effective option for investors seeking diversification and flexibility in their portfolios.
   

What Is an Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)?

An Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) is a marketable financial product traded on stock exchanges, much like individual stocks. The term ETF reflects its nature as an investment fund that holds a diverse portfolio of assets. Unlike a single stock representing one company, an ETF consists of a collection of securities. These may include stocks, bonds, commodities, or other instruments, providing investors with a convenient way to achieve diversification.

ETFs are designed to track the performance of specific indices, such as the CNX Nifty or the BSE Sensex, making them an efficient way for investors to gain exposure to broader market movements. One of the primary advantages of ETFs is their liquidity; investors can buy and sell shares throughout the trading day at market prices. Additionally, ETFs typically have lower expense ratios compared to mutual funds, making them an attractive option for cost-conscious investors. With their diverse range of offerings and easy accessibility, ETFs have become increasingly popular in recent years, appealing to both novice and seasoned investors seeking to diversify their portfolios.

How ETFs Work?

Let's explain the process of creating and redeeming ETF units using an example of a commodity, like gold:

Imagine there's an ETF that tracks the performance of gold prices. To make this ETF work, a special player called the "authorized participant" (AP) comes into the picture. APs are usually big financial institutions or market makers.

Here's how it works:

1. Creating ETF Units:
   When there is demand for more shares of the gold ETF, the AP steps in. They acquire the actual gold, just like physical gold bars or gold certificates, that will represent the value of t’e ETF's shares. They then deliver this gold to the ETF's manager/ AMC, who takes care of the ETF's assets.
   In return for delivering the gold, the ETF's manager/ AMC creates new units of the ETF. These new units are then transferred to the AP. So, the AP now has units in the ETF that represent a portion of the total gold held by the ETF.
2. Redeeming ETF Units:
   Now, let's say an investor wants to sell their units of the gold ETF. The AP buys those ETF units from the investor.
   When the investor sells their ETF units, the AP takes those units and redeems them back to the ETF's manager/ AMC. In exchange, the ETF's manager gives the AP the corresponding amount of actual gold, just like the gold bars or certificates or cash that the ETF is holding.

Why invest in ETFs?

Investing in Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) offers numerous advantages, making them an attractive option for various investors. ETFs provide instant diversification by holding a basket of securities, reducing risk compared to investing in individual assets. They are cost-effective due to their low expense ratios and typically lower management fees. ETFs also offer flexibility, as they can be traded like stocks throughout market hours, providing liquidity and ease of access. Additionally, they cater to various investment goals, with options ranging from equity and bonds to sector-specific and international markets. Their transparency ensures that investors know the underlying holdings, enabling informed decisions.

Types of ETFs in India

Indian investors can choose from a diverse range of ETFs to suit their investment objectives and risk appetites. Some of the common types of ETFs available in the Indian market include:

1. Index ETFs: These ETFs aim to replicate the performance of a specific stock market index, such as the Nifty 50 or the Sensex. They provide investors with exposure to a broad market segment or a specific sector/ Smart-Beta Strategy.
2. Gold/ Silver ETFs: Gold/ Silver ETFs allow investors to invest in the price movements of gold/ silver without physically owning the precious metal.
3. Sectoral ETFs: Sector-specific ETFs enable investors to focus on particular industries or sectors, like banking, technology, or energy, etc.
4. Bond ETFs: Bond ETFs invest in benchmark indices of fixed-income securities, including government bonds and corporate bonds, catering to investors seeking income and stability
5. International ETFs: These ETFs provide investors with exposure to international markets and assets via international Indices (viz. S&P 500, Nasdaq 100, etc) allowing them to diversify globally.
6. Smart Beta ETFs: These ETFs utilize alternative index construction methodologies, focusing on factors like low volatility, high dividend yield, quality, momentum, Alpha, etc rather than traditional market capitalization-based indices.
7. Commodity ETFs: These ETFs track the price movements of commodities like oil or precious metals.
8. Passive ETFs: Passive ETFs aim to replicate the performance of a specific market index. In India, these funds commonly track indices such as the Nifty 50, Sensex, or sectoral indices. Since they simply mirror the index composition, passive ETFs generally have lower expense ratios and are widely used by investors seeking cost-efficient market exposure.
9. Actively Managed ETFs: Unlike passive ETFs, actively managed ETFs do not track a specific index. Instead, professional fund managers actively select and manage securities in the portfolio based on market opportunities and research. While these ETFs offer the potential to outperform benchmarks, they typically have higher management costs compared to passive ETFs.
10. Bitcoin / Crypto ETFs: Spot Bitcoin ETFs were approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 2024, allowing investors in the U.S. to gain exposure to Bitcoin through traditional brokerage accounts. However, in India, cryptocurrency ETFs are not currently approved or listed on Indian exchanges, and investors cannot access such products through domestic ETF platforms.
11. Leveraged ETFs: Leveraged ETFs aim to generate multiples of the returns of an underlying index, such as 2× or 3× the daily movement. These funds use derivatives and borrowed capital to amplify returns. However, leveraged ETFs are not widely available in the Indian ETF market, and Indian regulators generally take a cautious approach toward such high-risk products.

Benefits of ETFs for Indian investors

1. Affordability: ETFs offer a cost-effective investment solution with relatively lower expense ratios, making them an attractive choice for cost-conscious Indian investors.
2. Diversification: ETFs provide diversification by investing in a basket of securities, reducing exposure to individual stock risks.
3. Liquidity: Being listed on stock exchanges, ETFs offer intraday liquidity, allowing investors to buy or sell units at prevailing market prices throughout the trading day.
4. Taxation: Taxation for ETFs depend on the underlying stock. Index and sectoral ETFs are regarded as equity-oriented ETFs when it comes to tax. As a result, short-term capital gains on ETF units retained for less than a year are taxed at a rate of 15%. Long-term capital gains on units maintained for over a year are levied at a rate of 10%, without the benefit of indexation. Long-term capital gains up to Rs. 1 lakh are exempt from tax.
   Gold ETFs and international ETFs are treated as non-equity funds for taxation purposes. if ETF units are held for less than 36 months, any short-term gains are taxed according to the relevant income tax bracket. Long-term capital gains from units held longer than a year are subject to a 20% tax, considering the indexation benefit.
   A note to be included wherever tax rates are mentioned. The note to state that the tax rates mentioned above are excluding surcharge if any and cess.
5. Transparency: ETFs regularly disclose their portfolios, NAVs enabling investors to make informed decisions about their investments.

Risks of ETFs

Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), like any other investment assets, come with  inherent risks that investors need to be aware of before making investment decisions. Understanding these risks is essential to manage investments prudently and align them with individual financial goals and risk tolerance.

Let's delve into some of the key risks associated with ETF investments in the Indian context:

1. Market Risk: ETFs are subject to market risk, which refers to the potential losses stemming from overall market movements. If the market experiences a downturn, the value of the underlying assets in the ETF's portfolio can decrease, leading to a decline in the ETF's net asset value (NAV) and market price.
2. Tracking Error: While ETFs aim to replicate the performance of a specific index or asset, there might be a slight disparity between the ETF's returns and the index it tracks. This difference is known as tracking error and can be influenced by factors such as transaction costs, management fees, and imperfect replication of the index.
3. Liquidity Risk: Although ETFs are traded on stock exchanges, the liquidity of certain ETFs may vary. In times of market stress or if the underlying assets are illiquid, it may become challenging to buy or sell ETF units at the desired price, potentially resulting in higher bid-ask spreads.
4. Concentration Risk: Some ETFs are concentrated in specific sectors, industries, or asset classes. If the particular sector or industry faces challenges or a significant event affects the asset class, the ETF's performance could be adversely impacted.
5. Currency Risk: For ETFs with international exposure, fluctuations in currency exchange rates can affect the returns for Indian investors. Currency risk arises when the investment is denominated in foreign currency, and changes in exchange rates can either enhance or erode investment gains.
6. Counterparty Risk: Some ETFs use financial derivatives or engage in securities lending to enhance returns. This introduces counterparty risk, which is the risk that the entity on the other side of the transaction might default or fail to fulfil its obligations.
7. Inherent Risk of Underlying Assets: ETFs invest in a diversified basket of assets, but the risk associated with the underlying assets remains. For instance, equity ETFs may be exposed to risks associated with the individual stocks in the portfolio, while bond ETFs may face interest rate risk and credit risk.
8. Regulatory and Taxation Risks: Changes in government regulations or tax laws can impact the returns and taxation of ETF investments, potentially affecting the attractiveness of certain ETFs.
    

Advantages and disadvantages of ETF

Pros

• Diversified market exposure: ETFs allow investors to gain exposure to multiple companies across sectors through indices such as Nifty 50, Sensex, or sectoral indices.
• Lower costs: Most ETFs in India have relatively low expense ratios compared to actively managed mutual funds. Brokerage charges are also generally minimal.
• Diversification benefits: By tracking a basket of securities, ETFs help reduce the risk associated with investing in a single stock.
• Targeted investment options: Investors can choose ETFs focused on specific sectors, themes, commodities like gold, or broader market indices.
• Management Style - Most ETFs are passively managed, which helps reduce fund manager bias and ensures a transparent, rule-based investment approach.
• Simplicity - ETFs are simple to understand and suitable for both new and experienced investors. They are traded on stock exchanges like regular shares.
• Turnover Ratio - ETFs generally have a low turnover ratio, which helps lower transaction costs and improve tax efficiency for long-term investors.
• Expense Ratio - ETFs usually come with lower expense ratios, helping investors reduce costs and improve overall returns over time.
• Liquidity - Highly traded ETFs offer good liquidity, making it easy to buy or sell units during market hours.

Cons

• Higher costs for active ETFs: Actively managed ETFs may have higher expense ratios compared to passive index-tracking ETFs.
• Limited diversification in sector ETFs: ETFs focused on a single sector or theme may increase concentration risk.
• Liquidity concerns: Some ETFs listed on Indian exchanges may have lower trading volumes, which can affect ease of buying or selling units at desired prices.
• Management Style - Passive ETFs only track an index and do not actively aim to outperform the market or generate returns beyond the benchmark.
• Simplicity - Their straightforward structure may not appeal to investors looking for customised investment strategies or detailed financial planning.
• Turnover Ratio - A lower turnover ratio may reduce flexibility, and investors could miss opportunities to benefit from short-term market movements.
• Expense Ratio - Certain sector-specific or specialised ETFs may charge slightly higher fees compared to traditional index funds.

How to Invest in an ETF?

1. First, open a brokerage account through a trusted investment platform and complete the registration and verification process.
2. Next, research different ETFs carefully and select one that aligns with your financial goals, risk appetite, and investment horizon.
3. Finally, add funds to your brokerage account and place an order to purchase the selected ETF. You can choose the amount you wish to invest based on your budget and investment plan.
4. Before investing, it is also important to review the ETF’s past performance, expense ratio, and underlying assets to make a well-informed investment decision.

Who should invest in ETFs?

1. Beginners
   ETFs offer a simple way to start investing in the stock market while gaining exposure to a diversified portfolio. They are suitable for new investors who prefer a low-cost and passive investment option without needing extensive market knowledge.
2. Busy Professionals
   For individuals with limited time to monitor investments regularly, ETFs provide a convenient investment solution. Since they track an index or sector automatically, investors can follow a “set-and-forget” approach with minimal effort.
3. Cost-Conscious Investors
   ETFs generally come with low expense ratios and lower management costs compared to many actively managed funds. This makes them suitable for investors who want to reduce investment-related expenses and improve overall returns.
4. Long-Term Investors
   ETFs can serve as a strong foundation for long-term wealth creation. Regular investments in ETFs may help investors benefit from market growth while reducing the risks associated with investing in individual stocks.
5. Experienced Traders
   Experienced traders often use ETFs for sector allocation, portfolio diversification, and hedging strategies. Since ETFs are traded on stock exchanges throughout the day, they also offer flexibility for short-term trading opportunities.

How is an ETF different from an index fund?

An ETF (exchange-traded fund) differs from an index fund primarily in trading mechanisms and pricing. ETFs trade on stock exchanges like individual stocks, allowing for intraday buying and selling at fluctuating market prices. In contrast, index funds are bought and sold at the end of the trading day at the net asset value (NAV). Additionally, ETFs often have lower expense ratios and can be more tax-efficient due to their unique structure, whereas index funds may have minimum investment requirements. Both aim to replicate the performance of a specific index, but their trading flexibility and cost structures vary significantly.

How do ETFs and mutual funds compare?

Do ETFs provide diversity?

Yes, ETFs provide diversity by offering exposure to a wide range of assets within a single investment. Each ETF typically holds a basket of securities, which may include stocks, bonds, commodities, or real estate, reflecting various sectors or market indices. This diversification reduces individual investment risk, as poor performance in one security can be balanced by gains in others. Additionally, investors can access niche markets or specific themes through targeted ETFs, enhancing their portfolio's breadth. Overall, ETFs serve as an effective tool for investors seeking to achieve a diversified investment strategy while maintaining liquidity and flexibility.

How much do ETFs cost?

ETFs are generally considered a cost-efficient investment option. The primary cost involved is the expense ratio, which covers fund management, administration, and operational expenses. For most equity ETFs, this expense ratio is relatively low compared to other investment products. In addition to this, investors may incur brokerage charges when buying or selling ETF units on the stock exchange. Some platforms may also apply small transaction or demat-related charges. Since ETFs are passively managed in most cases, their overall costs tend to remain lower, helping investors retain a larger share of their returns over the long term.

ETF creation and redemption

ETF creation and redemption is a process handled by authorised participants, usually large institutional investors. When demand for an ETF increases, authorised participants create new ETF units by delivering a basket of underlying securities to the fund house. In return, they receive ETF units, which are then sold on the stock exchange. Conversely, when supply exceeds demand, ETF units are redeemed by returning them to the fund house in exchange for the underlying securities. This mechanism helps keep the ETF’s market price close to its net asset value and ensures liquidity in the market.

How to find the right ETFs for your portfolio

Choosing the right ETFs starts with understanding your investment goals, time horizon, and risk tolerance. Investors should first identify whether they want exposure to equities, debt, commodities, or international markets. Evaluating the ETF’s underlying index is equally important, as it determines performance and risk characteristics. Expense ratios should be compared, as lower costs can improve long-term returns. Liquidity is another key factor, so checking average trading volumes and bid-ask spreads is useful. Investors should also review the fund size and tracking error to assess efficiency. Aligning ETF selection with overall asset allocation helps create a balanced and goal-oriented portfolio.

ETFs vs mutual funds vs stocks

When compared with other investment options, exchange-traded funds offer several distinct advantages. Lower costs, broad diversification, and flexibility are some of the reasons ETFs are widely preferred. Below is a comparison highlighting key differences between ETFs, mutual funds, and individual stocks.

Factors to Consider Before Investing in ETFs

1. Investment Objective: Determine your investment goals, whether it's capital appreciation, income generation, or diversification. Choose an ETF that aligns with your objectives.
2. Asset Class and Sector: ETFs cover various asset classes and sectors. Assess your risk tolerance and preference for sectors like technology, healthcare, or commodities before investing.
3. Expense Ratio: Evaluate the ETF's expense ratio, as lower fees can impact your overall returns. Look for cost-efficient options without compromising quality.
4. Liquidity: Ensure the ETF has sufficient trading volume and liquidity to buy and sell shares without significant price fluctuations.
5. Historical Performance: Examine the ETF's historical performance and its ability to track its underlying index accurately. Past performance isn't indicative of future results, but it provides insights into the ETF's tracking ability.

Conclusion

While ETFs offer several advantages, it is crucial to recognize and manage the inherent risks associated with these investment vehicles. By adopting a well-informed and balanced approach, investors can leverage the benefits of ETFs while navigating potential risks effectively. Consulting with a financial advisor and conducting thorough due diligence are essential steps to make informed investment decisions and align ETF investments with individual financial goals and risk tolerance.

Discover a wide selection of ETFs with comprehensive analysis for informed investing on the Bajaj Finserv platform.

ETFs provide diversification by investing in various stocks or bonds, effectively reducing overall portfolio risk. Moreover, they are easily accessible, allowing you to buy and sell throughout the trading day. Start your ETF investment journey with us today!

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