Types of fundamental analysis
It can be divided into two main categories:
1. Qualitative analysis
This type involves evaluating non-quantifiable aspects of a company, such as its management quality, brand reputation, and competitive positioning. Qualitative factors play a significant role in shaping an investor's perception of a company's future prospects.
2. Quantitative analysis
Quantitative analysis, on the other hand, focuses on tangible, measurable data. This includes financial statements, earnings reports, cash flow, and various financial ratios. Investors use these quantitative metrics to assess a company's financial health and performance.
Components of fundamental analysis
Here are the primary components of fundamental analysis:
1. Economic analysis
- Macroeconomic indicators: Analysts look at broad economic indicators like GDP growth, inflation rates, unemployment rates, interest rates, and government fiscal policies. These factors provide a backdrop for understanding the overall economic environment in which a company operates.
- Industry analysis: This involves examining the specific industry in which a company operates, including industry trends, competitive landscape, regulatory environment, and the overall growth prospects of the industry.
2. Company analysis
- Financial statements: This includes analysing the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement to assess the financial health and performance of the company.
- Balance sheet: Provides a snapshot of the company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time.
- Income statement: Shows the company's revenues, expenses, and profits over a period.
- Cash flow statement: Details the cash inflows and outflows from operating, investing, and financing activities.
- Ratios and metrics: Key financial ratios and metrics are used to gauge various aspects of a company's performance and financial health.
- Liquidity ratios: Such as current ratio and quick ratio, which measure the company’s ability to meet short-term obligations.
- Profitability ratios: Such as net profit margin, return on assets (ROA), and return on equity (ROE), which evaluate the company's ability to generate profit.
- Efficiency ratios: Such as inventory turnover and receivables turnover, which assess how effectively the company is using its assets.
- Leverage ratios: Such as debt-to-equity ratio and interest coverage ratio, which measure the company's use of debt to finance its operations.
- Valuation ratios: Such as price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio, price-to-book (P/B) ratio, and dividend yield, which help in assessing whether a stock is overvalued or undervalued.
- Growth analysis: Evaluating past growth trends in revenue, earnings, and cash flows, and estimating future growth potential.
- Management quality: Assessing the competence, experience, and track record of the company's management team, as well as their strategy and vision for the company's future.
- Competitive position: Analysing the company's competitive advantages, market share, and unique value proposition.
3. Qualitative factors
- Business model: Understanding how the company makes money, its core products or services, and its target market.
- Brand strength: Evaluating the strength and recognition of the company's brand in the marketplace.
- Corporate governance: Assessing the company's governance practices, board structure, and shareholder rights.
- Regulatory environment: Considering the impact of existing and potential regulations on the company’s operations.
- Market conditions: Analysing trends, consumer behaviour, and market conditions that could affect the company's performance.
4. External factors
- Political environment: Examining political stability, government policies, trade relations, and geopolitical risks that could impact the company.
- Technological changes: Considering the impact of technological advancements and innovations on the company and its industry.
- Social and environmental factors: Evaluating societal trends, consumer preferences, and environmental concerns that may influence the company’s operations and reputation.
By combining these components, fundamental analysts aim to determine the true value of a company’s stock and whether it is currently underpriced or overpriced in the market. This analysis helps investors make informed decisions about buying, holding, or selling securities.
Steps to do fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis begins by understanding the company’s business model. This involves examining how it earns revenue—through products, services, or subscriptions—and evaluating the quality, competitiveness, and innovation of its offerings. Analysts also assess the firm’s position within its industry—whether it's a market leader, challenger, or niche player.
The next step involves analysing key financial statements:
- Income Statement shows revenue, expenses, and net profit, highlighting growth trends.
- Balance Sheet outlines assets, liabilities, and equity—useful for evaluating financial strength.
- Cash Flow Statement reveals how much cash is generated from operations, key for sustainability.
Investors also calculate financial ratios such as:
- P/E Ratio to gauge valuation,
- ROE for profitability,
- Current Ratio for liquidity, and
- Debt-to-Equity Ratio for leverage.
Growth potential is analysed by reviewing revenue and earnings trends, expansion plans, and innovation. A company’s competitive moat—like brand loyalty, cost advantages, or patented technology—is another key factor.
Next, compare the company to its competitors in terms of market share, pricing, and innovation. Assess management quality by examining their track record, strategic vision, and communication style.
External factors like industry trends, economic conditions, and regulatory risks are also critical. Analysts use valuation tools such as Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and PEG ratio to determine whether the stock is undervalued or overvalued.
Finally, evaluating dividends, buybacks, and potential risks helps shape a well-rounded investment decision.
Example of Fundamental Analysis
Let us consider an example to illustrate how fundamental analysis can be done in the Indian stock market. Suppose we want to analyse the fundamentals of a company named ABC Ltd. The following steps can be taken:
1. Understanding the business
The first step is to do a qualitative analysis of the business. We have to check the products, promoters, and competitors of the company. We can study the mission, vision, and values of the company on their website.
2. Checking financial ratios
As there is a long list of companies in the stock exchange, we can easily use financial ratios to select healthy companies from the stock market. We can check the following ratios:
- EPS (Earnings per share): Increasing EPS for the last 3-5 years is a good sign.
- Price to earnings (PE) ratio: Lowest among the industry peers.
- Return on equity: Average 3 years are less than 15% is preferred.
- Debt to equity: Less than 0.5 is preferred.
- Current ratio: Greater than 1 is preferred.
3. Past financial results
We can easily check the past financial results of a company by analysing it's all three financial statements like balance sheet, profit & loss statement, and Cash flow statement. The thumb rule is that if revenues or sales, net profit, and margin are increasing for the last five years, then it might be a good stock to consider for long-term investment purposes.
4. Competitors analysis
The next step is to make a comparison of a company with its peers in the industry. We can check the USP (Unique selling proposition), competitive advantage, product costing, product pricing, brand value, and future strategies of competitors in the industry.
5. Debt of the company
The next step in how to do fundamental analysis of stocks is to check the total debt of the company, which means how much money a company owes to its creditors.
After analysing all these factors, we can arrive at an intrinsic value for ABC Ltd.’s stock and decide whether it is undervalued or overvalued.
Fundamental analysis provides a long-term perspective and helps investors make informed decisions based on a company’s intrinsic value rather than short-term market fluctuations. It provides a more accurate picture of a company’s value than technical analysis because it takes into account all factors affecting a company.
Advantages of Fundamental Analysis:
- Long-term perspective: Fundamental analysis provides a long-term perspective, making it suitable for investors looking to hold assets for extended periods.
- Informed decision-making: It allows investors to make well-informed decisions based on a company's financial health and economic conditions.
- Value investing: Fundamental analysis is the foundation of value investing, a strategy that has yielded positive results for many prominent investors.
Disadvantages of Fundamental Analysis:
- Time-consuming: Performing fundamental analysis can be time-consuming and requires a significant amount of research and data analysis.
- Influence of emotions: Investors may still be influenced by emotions and market sentiment, even when armed with fundamental analysis.
- Complexity: Understanding financial statements and ratios may be challenging for inexperienced investors.
Conclusion
Fundamental analysis serves as a robust tool for investors seeking a thorough understanding of a company's intrinsic value and long-term potential. By evaluating financial and non-financial factors, investors can make informed decisions aligned with a stock's true worth.
While fundamental analysis provides a comprehensive view, it contrasts with technical analysis, which focuses on short-term price movements. Despite its time-consuming nature and susceptibility to emotional influences, fundamental analysis remains a cornerstone for investors adopting a strategic, value-oriented approach to the market.
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