Lathe Machine: Definition, Parts, Working Principle, Types, Pros, Cons, and Applications

Explore what a lathe machine is, its types, uses, operations, pricing, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and financing options.
Business Loan
4 min
16 June 2025

A lathe machine is a pivotal tool in the world of manufacturing and machining. It serves as the backbone for shaping and finishing a wide array of materials, primarily metals and plastics. From crafting intricate components to mass-producing uniform parts, the lathe's versatility is unmatched. Understanding its components, working mechanism, and applications is crucial for anyone involved in mechanical engineering or manufacturing.

What is a lathe machine?

A lathe machine is a machine tool that rotates a workpiece on its axis to perform various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation. These operations are carried out with the help of a stationary cutting tool. The primary function of a lathe is to shape the workpiece by removing unwanted material, thereby achieving the desired dimensions and surface finish. If you’re considering a lathe machine purchase, make sure to check your business loan eligibility to ease your upfront investment.

Role of lathe machines in the oil and gas industry

In the oil and gas industry, lathe machines are indispensable. They are employed to manufacture and repair critical components like valves, pumps, and shafts, which are essential for the smooth operation of oil rigs and refineries. The precision and reliability of lathe machines ensure that these components meet stringent industry standards, thereby enhancing the efficiency and safety of operations.

What is the purpose of a lathe machine?

The primary purpose of a lathe machine is to remove material from a workpiece to shape it into the desired form. This shaping process can involve various operations, including turning, facing, and threading. Lathes are used to produce symmetrical parts, which are crucial in various industries such as automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing.

Working process of a lathe machine

The operation of a lathe machine involves several key steps:

  • Mounting the workpiece: Secure the workpiece onto the lathe's chuck or faceplate.

  • Setting the tool: Position the cutting tool at the appropriate angle and distance from the workpiece.

  • Adjusting parameters: Set the spindle speed and feed rate according to the material and desired finish.

  • Commencing operation: Engage the machine to begin the cutting process.

  • Finishing touches: After the desired shape is achieved, perform finishing operations to enhance surface quality.

Lathe machine parts

A lathe machine comprises several essential parts:

  • Bed: The base that supports all other components.

  • Headstock: Houses the spindle and drives the workpiece.

  • Tailstock: Supports the opposite end of the workpiece.

  • Carriage: Holds and moves the cutting tool.

  • Cross slide: Allows the tool to move perpendicular to the workpiece.

  • Tool post: Holds the cutting tool in place.

Lathe machine operations

Lathe machines perform various operations, including:

  • Turning: Reducing the diameter of a workpiece.

  • Facing: Creating a flat surface at the end of a workpiece.

  • Drilling: Making round holes in a workpiece.

  • Knurling: Creating a textured pattern on the surface.

  • Threading: Cutting threads on a workpiece.

For individual workshop owners or freelancers, a personal loan for self employed individuals can help cover costs associated with setting up or upgrading equipment.

Types of lathe machines

Lathe machines come in various types, each suited for specific tasks:

Type of Lathe Machine

Description

Centre (Engine) Lathe

A standard lathe used widely for general machining tasks. It includes a tailstock that can be adjusted or removed based on the workpiece length.

Speed Lathe

Operates at high spindle speeds (1200–3600 RPM) and lacks a feed mechanism. Used for polishing, wood turning, spinning, and centring.

Turret Lathe

Designed for repetitive, heavy-duty tasks. It features a hexagonal turret that holds multiple tools, allowing for mass or batch production.

Capstan Lathe

Suitable for lightweight, high-volume production. It has a capstan slide that can be locked at different positions for precision and speed.

Toolroom Lathe

A precision lathe used for producing tools, dies, and gauges. Offers variable speeds up to 2500 RPM. Ideal for tool room operations.

Bench Lathe

A small lathe mounted on a workbench. Combines features of engine and speed lathes, suitable for quick machining of small components.

Gap Bed Lathe

Features a removable section near the headstock, allowing machining of large-diameter workpieces with flanges or protrusions.

Hollow Spindle Lathe

Used for tubular jobs. Enables cutting, chamfering, and removal of welds for tasks like replacing shafts or fitting new splines.

Vertical Turret Lathe

Holds workpieces vertically with the faceplate acting as a rotating table. Used for large, heavy parts; the headstock is mounted on the base.

CNC Lathe Machine

Operated through computer programming. Offers high accuracy, efficiency, and consistency in mass production of complex parts.

If you're planning to set up a machining unit or upgrade equipment, a micro loan can offer quick and collateral-free financial support tailored for such capital needs.

Specifications of a lathe machine

Key specifications to consider when evaluating a lathe machine include:

  • Swing over bed: The maximum diameter of a workpiece that can be accommodated.

  • Distance between centres: The maximum length of a workpiece that can be machined.

  • Spindle speed: The rotational speed of the spindle, affecting cutting speed.

  • Feed rate: The rate at which the cutting tool advances during operation.

  • Motor power: Determines the machine's capacity to handle heavy workloads.

Advantages of a lathe machine

Lathe machines offer several benefits:

  • Versatility: Capable of performing a wide range of operations.

  • Precision: Ensures high accuracy in machining.

  • Efficiency: Reduces manual labour and increases productivity.

  • Cost-effectiveness: Reduces material wastage and operational costs.

Disadvantages of a lathe machine

Despite their advantages, lathe machines have some limitations:

  • Initial cost: High-quality lathes can be expensive.

  • Space requirements: Require a significant amount of space for installation.

  • Skill requirement: Operate effectively only with skilled personnel.

Applications of a lathe machine

Lathe machines are used in various industries for:

  • Manufacturing components: Producing parts for machinery and equipment.

  • Repair work: Restoring worn-out parts to their original condition.

  • Prototyping: Creating prototypes for new designs before full-scale production.

  • Custom fabrication: Making bespoke parts for specific customer needs.

  • Woodworking and metalworking: Widely used for both materials in small-scale and industrial production.

  • Jewellery and craftwork: Useful in precision design work like ring shaping and engraving.

Lathe machine prices

The cost of a lathe machine can vary significantly based on type, size, and features. Here's a rough estimate:

Type of lathe machine

Price range (INR)

Small lathe machine

Rs. 25,000 – Rs. 75,000

Bench lathe

Rs. 50,000 – Rs. 1,50,000

Engine lathe

Rs. 1,00,000 – Rs. 3,50,000

CNC lathe machine

Rs. 4,00,000 – Rs. 20,00,000+

Industrial lathe (Heavy-duty)

Rs. 5,00,000 – Rs. 25,00,000+


Tip:
If you're concerned about the initial investment, you can apply for our business loan to ease your financial burden.

Buying guide for a lathe machine

Before purchasing a lathe machine, keep these factors in mind:

  • Purpose: Identify whether you need it for wood, metal, or both.

  • Size and space: Ensure you have enough workspace for installation.

  • Power requirement: Choose based on your workshop’s electrical capacity.

  • Skill level: If you're new to lathe machines, opt for beginner-friendly models.

  • Budget and financing: Don't let cost stop you — explore Machinery Loan Finance options to manage your investment better.

Individuals with fixed assets can also consider a secured business loan to get better interest rates for equipment purchase.

Lathe machine financing options

Lathe machines, especially CNC models, are a substantial investment. Bajaj Finserv offers tailored Industrial Equipment Finance to help businesses purchase the machinery they need. With flexible repayment options and fast approvals, you can upgrade your workshop without affecting your working capital. You can also check your pre-approved business loan offer in just a few clicks.

Ready to upgrade? Check your pre-approved business loan offer online to see what’s instantly accessible to you.

Conclusion

Whether you're looking for a small lathe machine for hobby projects or a CNC machine for large-scale production, understanding the core components and functions helps you make an informed decision. The lathe machine remains an essential asset across industries due to its versatility and precision. If you’re planning to expand or set up a machining unit, consider availing a Business Loan from Bajaj Finserv to simplify your purchase.

Frequently asked questions

What are the 5 main parts of a lathe machine?
The five essential parts of a lathe machine are the bed, headstock, tailstock, carriage, and tool post. These components work together to hold the workpiece, rotate it, and perform cutting or shaping operations. If you're setting up a new unit or upgrading your tools, don’t forget to check your business loan eligibility to ease your investment process.

What is the full form of lathe?

The term “lathe” does not have a full form. It is derived from the Middle English word "lath," which means a machine that rotates a workpiece to perform shaping tasks. Planning to purchase one?

What is the basic principle of a lathe machine?
A lathe works on the principle of rotating the workpiece against a stationary cutting tool. As the material spins, the cutting tool removes unwanted material to shape it into the desired form

What is the mechanism behind a lathe machine?
The mechanism involves a motor turning the spindle, which holds and rotates the workpiece. The cutting tool, mounted on a carriage, moves along different axes to cut and shape the material.

What is the working principle of a lathe?

A lathe works by rotating the workpiece on its axis while a fixed cutting tool removes material to shape it. The cutting tool moves along different directions - longitudinally or crosswise, to create the required design or surface finish on the material.

What industries commonly use lathe machines?

Lathe machines are widely used in industries such as automotive, aerospace, metal fabrication, woodworking, shipbuilding, and electronics. They are essential wherever precise shaping, turning, or drilling of materials is needed.

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