Cash credits [Section 68]
Cash credits refer to unexplained credits appearing in the books of accounts of a taxpayer, for which no valid explanation is provided. Section 68 of the Income Tax Act applies when an individual or business receives money from an unknown source or without proper justification. The burden of proof lies on the taxpayer to explain the nature and source of such credits.
If the taxpayer fails to provide a credible explanation, the assessing officer may classify the amount as deemed income and impose tax at the highest applicable rate. This section is commonly applied when a taxpayer shows a sudden increase in capital or deposits in their bank account without a valid financial trail. Even loans or gifts from friends and relatives must have supporting documents, such as bank statements or confirmation letters. Taxpayers should maintain proper documentation for all cash receipts to avoid scrutiny under this section.
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Unexplained expenditure [Section 69C]
Unexplained expenditure refers to expenses incurred by a taxpayer that are not accounted for in their financial records or for which they cannot explain the source of funds. Section 69C of the Income Tax Act applies when tax authorities find that a person has spent money but does not have a legitimate source to justify the expenditure.
Such expenses are treated as deemed income and are taxed at the highest rate without allowing any deductions. If an individual or business makes high-value purchases, luxury expenditures, or unaccounted business expenses but fails to substantiate them with proper records, it falls under this section. This provision is implemented to prevent tax evasion through undisclosed spending. Businesses must maintain proper books of accounts and keep records of all payments to prove the legitimacy of their expenditures. Failure to do so may result in a higher tax liability and penalties.
Payment of hundi money in cash [Section 69D]
A hundi is an informal credit instrument used for borrowing money, primarily in unorganised financial transactions. Section 69D of the Income Tax Act deals with cases where a person repays a hundi loan in cash instead of using proper banking channels. This section aims to prevent money laundering and tax evasion through informal credit systems.
Any payment made towards a hundi in cash is considered deemed income and is subject to taxation at the highest applicable rate. The borrower cannot claim any deductions for such payments. If a person takes a hundi loan and repays it in cash instead of cheque or bank transfer, the entire repayment amount is added to their taxable income. To ensure transparency, taxpayers should always conduct financial transactions through formal banking channels and maintain proper records of all credit and repayment transactions.
Account of investment
Maintaining an account of investments is essential for taxpayers to track their financial transactions and justify their sources of income. The Income Tax Act mandates that individuals and businesses maintain proper documentation of all investments, whether in stocks, real estate, jewellery, or other assets. Proper records help in avoiding tax scrutiny under sections 68, 69, and 69A.
Investments that do not match declared income sources may be treated as deemed income and taxed accordingly. Taxpayers should maintain bank statements, purchase receipts, and agreements to validate investment sources. This is especially important for high-value transactions like real estate purchases or stock market investments. Regular audits and financial planning ensure that investments comply with tax regulations. Businesses must also disclose their investment holdings in their financial statements to prevent allegations of tax evasion. Keeping proper documentation helps avoid additional tax liabilities and ensures compliance with the law.
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