Unlike other string instruments, the tanpura does not play melodies but provides a steady, resonant background sound that supports and enriches the primary melody. The tanpura's soothing drone creates a meditative and immersive atmosphere, essential for both vocal and instrumental performances in Indian music.
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Historical origins of the tanpura musical instrument
The tanpura, a vital component of Indian classical music, has ancient roots dating back to early Indian civilisation. Initially derived from lute-like instruments, the tanpura evolved over centuries to become a distinct entity. Historical texts and temple carvings from around 500 BCE reference the tanpura, highlighting its longstanding significance in musical traditions. Its primary role is to provide a continuous harmonic drone, enhancing the melodic and rhythmic structure of Indian music. Learn more about other musical instruments that have evolved similarly over time.
Traditional tanpura designs and construction
Traditional tanpuras are meticulously crafted, combining artistry and acoustic precision. Typically, they are made from a hollowed-out gourd, wood, and strings, which contribute to their distinctive resonant sound.
The main body, or resonator, is often carved from teak or tun wood, while the strings, usually four to six, are plucked to produce a harmonic drone. The construction also includes a long, hollow neck and a bridge made of bone or ivory. Each component is carefully designed to enhance the instrument’s tonal quality and durability.
Types of tanpura
The tanpura comes in a few varieties, each catering to specific needs within Indian classical music. Here is a breakdown of the main types:
- Miraj tanpura: This is the most popular style, particularly in hindustani classical music. It originates from the city of Miraj and features a large, carved resonator body (tabli) for a deep, resonant sound. Its size makes it ideal for male vocalists who typically sing in lower octaves.
- Tanjore tanpura: Primarily used in carnatic music of South India, the tanjore tanpura has a similar design to the Miraj tanpura but with slight variations in shape and decoration.
- Male tanpura: As the name suggests, this is the largest type of tanpura, designed for male vocalists. It boasts the deepest sound and typically has the lowest tuning (around B to D sharp).
- Female tanpura: Slightly smaller than the male tanpura, this version caters to the higher vocal range of female singers. Its tuning is generally around F to A sharp.
- Tanpuri (Instrumental tanpura): This is the smallest version of the tanpura, perfect for accompanying instrumental performances or solo vocalists with a wider range. It is often made entirely of wood for portability and sometimes features a higher octave tuning compared to the larger varieties.
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Price range of tanpura
| Model | Price |
| Traditional male tanpura | Rs. 25,000 |
| Traditional female tanpura | Rs. 20,000 |
| Instrumental tanpura | Rs. 22,000 |
| Electronic tanpura | Rs. 10,000 |
| Custom handcrafted tanpura | Rs. 35,000 |
Disclaimer: The features, availability, and pricing of each model are subject to change and may vary. For the most accurate and up-to-date information, please visit the official website.
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