Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid): deficiency, symptoms and foods

In summary

Vitamin B5 deficiency can cause symptoms such as fatigue, irritability, headaches, digestive discomfort and numbness or tingling, although severe deficiency is uncommon. Vitamin B5, also called pantothenic acid, helps the body produce energy and synthesise hormones and other essential compounds.

Key points

• Vitamin B5 is essential for energy metabolism and the synthesis of coenzyme A.
• Severe vitamin B5 deficiency is uncommon in healthy people.
• Possible deficiency symptoms include fatigue, headaches, digestive problems, irritability and tingling or numbness.
• Vitamin B5 is found in foods such as meat, eggs, dairy products, legumes, mushrooms and whole grains.
• A varied, balanced diet generally provides adequate vitamin B5.
• If symptoms persist, consult a healthcare professional to identify the underlying cause rather than assuming vitamin B5 deficiency.

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Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin involved in energy metabolism and the synthesis of essential compounds in the body. Vitamin B5 deficiency is rare but can occur with severe dietary deficiency or certain conditions affecting nutrient absorption.

Deficiency does not always occur alone and may be associated with broader nutritional deficiencies. When vitamin B5 levels are inadequate, symptoms can include fatigue, irritability, headaches, digestive discomfort and numbness or tingling. Persistent symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional rather than attributed to vitamin B5 deficiency without assessment.

Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is essential for producing coenzyme A (CoA), a compound involved in energy metabolism and the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and certain hormones. It also contributes to normal nervous system function through its role in cellular metabolism.

Vitamin B5 deficiency is rare, but inadequate levels can cause a range of symptoms affecting energy, digestion, mood and the nervous system. Reported symptoms include fatigue, headaches, irritability, confusion, digestive discomfort and a burning or tingling sensation in the feet.

Because these symptoms can have many causes, persistent or multiple symptoms should be evaluated by a healthcare professional rather than assumed to indicate vitamin B5 deficiency.

Vitamin B5 deficiency is uncommon because pantothenic acid is present in many foods. When it occurs, it is generally associated with severe malnutrition, very restricted diets or conditions that significantly affect nutrient absorption. Certain rare genetic disorders can also affect pathways related to pantothenate metabolism.

Vitamin B5, or pantothenic acid, is an essential nutrient involved in energy metabolism, hormone synthesis and cellular processes. Its key roles include:

• Energy metabolism: Helps the body metabolise carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
• Coenzyme A production: Required to produce coenzyme A, which participates in numerous biochemical reactions.
• Fatty acid synthesis: Supports the production and breakdown of fatty acids.
• Hormone synthesis: Contributes to the synthesis of steroid hormones.
• Cellular function: Supports metabolic reactions needed for normal cell function.
• Acetyl-CoA formation: Helps produce acetyl-CoA, which is involved in energy production and other metabolic pathways.
• Nutritional support: Regular intake from foods such as eggs, meat, dairy products, legumes and whole grains helps maintain adequate vitamin B5 level

Vitamin B5 supports skin health through its role in maintaining normal cellular function, while its derivative panthenol is widely used in topical skincare products. Panthenol acts as a humectant, helping attract and retain moisture to support skin hydration and softness. It is also used in formulations designed to soothe and protect the skin barrier. Dexpanthenol, a form of panthenol, is used in topical preparations for conditions involving irritated or damaged skin, including some eczema-related symptoms. Panthenol is also found in moisturisers and other cosmetic products. For acne-prone skin, topical products containing panthenol may help maintain hydration, particularly when dryness occurs with acne treatments such as isotretinoin. However, panthenol should not be considered a treatment for acne itself.

Vitamin B5 deficiency is uncommon, and a varied diet usually provides sufficient pantothenic acid. If deficiency is confirmed, increasing B5-rich foods can help improve dietary intake. Food sources include meat, seeds, mushrooms, avocado and whole grains.

If dietary intake is inadequate or deficiency is linked to an underlying condition, a healthcare professional may recommend supplementation. Vitamin B5 supplements commonly contain calcium pantothenate. Supplement use should follow professional advice, particularly when treating a confirmed deficiency or managing another medical condition.

The recommended adequate intake (AI) for vitamin B5 varies by age and life stage. For adults aged 19 years and older, the AI is 5 mg per day. Requirements are higher during pregnancy and breastfeeding to support increased nutritional needs.

Vitamin B5 plays an important role in energy metabolism and other essential processes in the body. Although deficiency is uncommon, recognising potential symptoms and maintaining a varied diet can help support adequate nutrient intake.

A proactive approach to nutrition and healthcare can help you address concerns early. If you are also reviewing your healthcare financial protection, check premium to understand the premium applicable to your selected health insurance coverage.